Location

• Describe the anatomical location of the heart?

  Located in the mediastinum surrounded by pericardium

  

Ribs , Joints and Lines

• Name the 2 ends of the clavicles and various parts of the sternum and their joints?

  Jugular Notch / Suprasternal Notch, Sternal Angle, Xiphi-sternal joint, Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process

  

  • Answer

    

• How does the sternal angle form? another name?

  Joint between manubrium and body (one of them is in an angle towards the other)

  Manubrium Sternal Angle

• Name the lines A, B, C and XY

  A: Mid sternal line

  B: Left Mid clavicular line

  C: Left Lateral Sternal Line

  XY: Left Parasternal line

Pericardium

Layers

• What are the various layers of the pericardium and some properties / functions?

  1. Fibrous ⇒ tough and thick external layer
  2. Serous ⇒ relatively thin layer
     1. Outer Parietal Layer ⇒ continuous with fibrous pericardium
     2. Inner Visceral Layer ⇒ together with outer layer of the heart (epicardium)

  

• What is the space between the inner visceral layer and outer parietal layer called? and its function?

  Pericardial cavity ⇒ filled with serous fluid for lubrication

• One pathological condition to arise from the space?

  1. Pericardial effusion ⇒ excess fluid build up in the pericardial cavity

• Which nerve supplies the innermost layer?

  Sympathetic and Parasympathetic stimulation ⇒ more or less for the heart

• What nerve supplies the other 3 layers and which plexus does it originate from?

  Phrenic nerve from cervical plexus

Function

• What are the various functions of the pericardium? x4
  1. Lubrication
  2. Fixation of the heart ⇒ pericardium connected to diaphragm and outer layer of some major vessels
  3. Prevents infections from getting to the heart
  4. Prevent over-expansion of the heart

Surface Anatomy

Borders of the Heart

• What is the pre-cordium?

  Area of the ribs that heart is found within

• Describe the borders of the heart and their associated parts?

  

• What is felt at the joining point of the inferior border and left border? why is it important?

  Apex beat ⇒ max pulsation of the heart

Parts of the Heart

Valves and Auscultation

• Name the 4 heart sounds that can be heard?

  Aortic

  Tricuspid

  Pulmonary

  Mitral

• State the locations of the 4 valves?

  

  1. Aortic: Right 2nd intercostal space along parasternal line
  2. Tricuspid:
  3. Mitral: Left 5th intercostal space along mid clavicular line
  4. Pulmonary: left 2nd intercostal space along parasternal line